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Grammar · Particles

は or が, the short version

The pattern

[Known] wa … / [New] ga …

Use は for something already in play, and が for something new or being singled out. 'Who came?' takes が in the answer, because the person is the new information. 'What about Tanaka?' takes は, because Tanaka is already the topic.

The mistake to avoid

Do not try to master this in week one. Copy the patterns you meet, and the feel arrives after a few months of input.

Examples

Rōmaji help
dare ga kimashita ka.
Who came?
tanaka-san wa kimashita.
Tanaka came. (as for Tanaka)
a, basu ga kimashita.
Oh, the bus is here.
basu wa kuji ni kimasu.
The bus comes at nine.