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Daily lessons · Day 21 of 90

Review: week three

Consolidate days 15 to 20

Week three took you from naming things to describing them, asking for them and reacting to what you hear. No new grammar today. This is the week pulled back out of its situations so you can see the patterns underneath, plus a longer quiz across days 15 to 20.

Adjectives, the whole system

Two types, and every form you have met:

takai desu / takakunai desu
expensive / not expensive
い-adjective. Drop the い, add くない.
shizuka desu / shizuka ja nai desu
quiet / not quiet
な-adjective. Takes the noun negative.
atarashii kuruma / shizuka na machi
a new car / a quiet town
Before a noun: nothing added, or な added.
ii desu / yokunai desu
good / not good
The one irregular. Everything but the plain present uses よ.
Why it works

If you can sort a new adjective into い or な the moment you meet it, everything else follows. If you cannot, every sentence containing it becomes a guess. It is worth being deliberate about this for a few weeks until it is automatic, and worth remembering that きれい and ゆうめい are the two liars.

The て-form, first contact

One form, two jobs, and a lot more coming later:

matte kudasai.
Please wait.
A request.
tottemo ii desu ka.
May I take one?
Permission, from the same て-form.
tsukarete imasu.
I'm tired.
A state, again built on て.
sumimasen ga, matte kudasai.
Sorry, but please wait.
すみませんが softens any request.
Why it works

Three different patterns this week were built on the same て-form, and that is the point. You are not learning a conjugation for its own sake; you are learning the hook that ください, もいいですか, います and a dozen later patterns all hang from. When the rules arrive on day 31 you will already have a stock of examples to attach them to.

Counting, and the escape hatch

Five counters and one fallback:

futatsu
two things
The general counter. Use it when in doubt.
futari / sannin
two people / three people
Irregular to two, regular from three.
sanbon / nimai
three bottles / two flat things
ほん long and thin, まい flat.
nihaku
two nights
For accommodation. Needed at any hotel desk.
Why it works

The counter goes after the noun and its particle, which is the opposite of English. コーヒーを ふたつ, tickets を にまい. If you remember only the word order and ひとつ ふたつ みっつ, you can buy almost anything in Japan.

takakunai desu.
It isn't expensive.
shizuka na machi
a quiet town
yukkuri hanashite kudasai.
Please speak slowly.
ii tenki desu ne.
Nice weather, isn't it.

Check yourself

9 questions. Nothing is saved unless you finish.